Non-Ribosomal Peptide (NRP)

Bacteria create some peptides without ribosomes. In 1963, Edward Tatum discovered that disabling the ribosome in Bacillus brevis still led to the production of certain antibiotics (specifically, tyrocidines and gramicidins).

Therefore, in very specific cases, the central dogma of biology is violated: there can be non-DNA/RNA mechanisms for encoding peptides.

Evolutionarily, it might make sense that antibiotics can be made outside of the usual pathways, since protection and “hunting” are critical functions. Perhaps they actually predated DNA/RNA, since (evolutionarily) ancient microorganisms like bacteria and fungi produce them.